Some, however, involve physical activity or the use of equipment or tools. Cover images: © Pics by Nick/Shutterstock Phillip Dyhr Hobbs/Shutterstock Cartography by Spatial Vision, Melbourne Typeset in India by Aptara Illustrated by various artists, Aptara and Wiley Composition Services Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 All activities have been written with the safety of both teacher and student in mind. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. and/or its affiliates in the United States, Australia and in other countries, and may not be used without written permission. Trademarks Jacaranda, the JacPLUS logo, the learnON, assessON and studyON logos, Wiley and the Wiley logo, and any related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons Inc. All inquiries should be made to the publisher. Reproduction and communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (such as a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review), no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. Dewey Number: 570.712 Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL). Other Creators/ Contributors: Martin, Marjory, author. Victorian Certificate of Education examination-Study guides. Subjects: Biology-Study and teaching (Secondary) Biology-Textbooks. Target Audience: For secondary school age. Book 2: VCE units 3 and 4 / Judith Kinnear, Marjory Martin.

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Kinnear, Judith, author. Fifth edition published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Qld 4064 First edition published 1992 Second edition published 2000 Third edition published 2006 Fourth edition published 2013 Typeset in 10.5/12 pt Utopia Std © Judith Kinnear and Marjory Martin 1992, 2000, 2006, 2013, 2017 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.

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